Well the computer reads the condition and if it is true it does the below coding else does something else. Think of it this way:
The computer works in a special code called binary code. It is called binary code because it only contains two numbers, 0 and 1; 0 being off and 1 being on. These 0's and 1's are interpreted by your computer which then outputs something you, the user, will understand.
Everything a computer does is at it's most basic level binary code. So when a variable is false it's value would be 0 in binary because it is off, while if it was true then it would be a 1. So the computer takes the binary value of your variable and then compares it with the other specified binary value; if you specified true then 1, if you specified false then 0.
That is the way that I have always understood it, but there may be another explanation.